Product Code Database
Example Keywords: metroid prime -the $24
barcode-scavenger
   » Wiki: Phytochorion
Tag Wiki 'Phytochorion'.
Tag

Phytochorion
Search for province region

 C O N T E N T S 
Rank: 100%
Bluestar Bluestar Bluestar Bluestar Blackstar
  1. Wiki
  2. Comments
  3. Media

In , a phytochorion is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap, called a vegetation tension zone.

In traditional schemes, areas in phytogeography are classified hierarchically, according to the presence of families, genera or species, e.g., in floral (or floristic, phytogeographic) zones and regions, or also in kingdoms, regions and provinces,Braun-Blanquet, J. (1932). Plant sociology; the study of plant communities. New York and London, McGraw-Hill, [1]. sometimes including the categories empire and domain. However, some authors prefer not to rank areas, referring to them simply as "areas", "regions" (in a non hierarchical sense) or "phytochoria".Linder, Lovett, Mutke, et al. (2005): A numerical re-evaluation of the sub-Saharan phytochoria. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 229-252.

Systems used to classify vegetation can be divided in two major groups: those that use physiognomic-environmental parameters and characteristics and those that are based on floristic (i.e. shared genera and species) relationships.JOLY, C.A., AIDAR, M.P.M., KLINK, C.A., McGRATH, D.G., MOREIRA, A.G., MOUTINHO, P., NEPSTAD, D.C., OLIVEIRA, A.A.; POTT, A.; RODAL, M.J.N. & SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B. 1999. Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation. Ci. e Cult. 51: 331-348. Phytochoria are defined by their plant taxonomic composition, while other schemes of (e.g., , , plant formations, ) may variably take in account, depending on the author, the apparent characteristics of a community (the dominant ), environment characteristics, the associated, or -conservationist issues.Magno Coutinho, L. (2006) O conceito de bioma. Acta bot. bras. 20(1): 13-23.

Explanation
Several systems of classifying geographic areas where plants grow have been devised. Most systems are organized hierarchically, with the largest units subdivided into smaller geographic areas, which are made up of smaller floristic communities, and so on. Phytochoria are defined as areas possessing a large number of . Floristic kingdoms are characterized by a high degree of family endemism, floristic regions by a high degree of endemism, and floristic provinces by a high degree of endemism. Systems of phytochoria have both significant similarities and differences with zoogeographic provinces, which follow the composition of families, and with biogeographical provinces or terrestrial , which take into account both plant and animal species.

The term "phytochorion" (Werger & van Gils, 1976)Werger, M. J. A. & H. van Gils. 1976. Phytosociological classification problems in chorological border line areas. J. Biogeogr. 3: 49–54, [5]. is especially associated with the classifications according to the methodology of Josias Braun-Blanquet, which is tied to the presence or absence of particular species, glossary from mainly in Africa.Prance, G. T. (1989). American Tropical forests, in Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 14B. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, (eds H. Lieth and M. J. A. Werger), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 99–132, [7].

Taxonomic databases tend to be organized in ways which approximate floristic provinces, but which are more closely aligned to political boundaries, for example according to the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions.

Early schemes
In the late 19th century, (1844-1930) was the first to make a world map with the limits of distribution of floras, with four major floral regions (realms).Engler, A. (1879-1882). Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt. 2 vols., Leipzig.Cox, C. B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R. J. 2016. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, p. 10, [8]. His Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, from the third edition (1903) onwards, also included a sketch of the division of the earth into floral regions.

Other important early works on floristics includes Augustin de Candolle (1820),de Candolle, Augustin (1820). Essai Élémentaire de Géographie Botanique. In: Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, Vol. 18. Flevrault, Strasbourg, [9]. Schouw (1823),Schouw, J. F. (1822). Grundtræk til en almindelig Plantegeographie. Copenhagen, Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. German translation: Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Pflanzengeographie, Berlin, 1823, [10]. Alphonse de Candolle (1855),de Candolle, Alphonse (1855). Géographie botanique raisonnée. Paris: V. Masson, [11]. Drude (1890),Drude, O. (1890). Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Stuttgart: Engelhorn, [12], [13]. French translation: Manuel de géographie botanique. Paris: P. Klincksieck, 1897. 552 p., [14]. (1908),Diels, L. (1908). Pflanzengeographie. Göschen, Leipzig, [15]; 5th ed. rev. 1958 (F. Mattick), De Gruyter, Berlin. and Rikli (1913).Rikli, M. (1913). "Geographie der Pflanzen (Die Florenreiche)". In: Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften 4:776–857, [16].

Good (1947) regionalization
Botanist (1947) identified six floristic kingdoms ( or Holarctic, , Paleotropical, South African, Australian, and Antarctic), the largest natural units he determined for flowering plants. Good's six kingdoms are subdivided into smaller units, called regions and provinces. The Paleotropical kingdom is divided into three subkingdoms, which are each subdivided into floristic regions. Each of the other five kingdoms are subdivided directly into regions. There are a total of 37 floristic regions. Almost all regions are further subdivided into floristic provinces.Good, R. (1947). The Geography of Flowering Plants. Longmans, Green and Co, New York, [17]. 2nd ed., 1953, [18].

Takhtajan (1978, 1986) regionalization
(1978, 1986), in a widely used scheme that builds on Good's work, identified thirty-five floristic regions, each of which is subdivided into floristic provinces, of which there are 152 in all.Takhtajan, A. 1969. Flowering plants: origin and dispersal. Transl. by C. Jeffrey. Oliver &. Boyd, Edinburgh. 310 pp. [19].Тахтаджян А. Л. Флористические области Земли / Академия наук СССР. Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова. — Л.: Наука, Ленинградское отделение, 1978. — 247 с. — 4000 экз. DjVu, Google Books.Takhtajan, A. (1986). Floristic Regions of the World. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, Berkeley, PDF, DjVu.Cox, C. B. (2001). The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 511-523, [24].

Holarctic kingdom
I. Circumboreal region
1 province
2 province
3 province
4 or province
5 province
6 province
7 Eastern Europe province
8 province
9 Western Siberia province
10 province
11 Central Siberia province
12 province
13 Northeastern Siberia province
14 -Kamchatka province
15 Canada incl. Great Lakes province

II. Eastern Asiatic region
16 province
17 -Hokkaidō province
18 Japan- province
19 Volcano-Bonin province
20 or -Okinawa province
21 Taiwan province
22 province
23 province
24 province
25 -Yuennan province
26 Northern Burma province
27 province
28 - province

III. North American Atlantic region
29 Appalachian province (forested areas extending east to include the piedmont and west to the start of the prairies)
30 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain province
31 North American Prairies province

IV. Rocky Mountain region
32 Vancouverian province
33 Rocky Mountains province

V. [[Macaronesian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: Macaronesia">Macaronesia
34 province
35 province
36 province
37 province

VI. Mediterranean region
38 Southern Morocco province
39 Southwestern Mediterranean province
40 South Mediterranean province
41 Iberia province
42 province
43 - province
44 province
45 East Mediterranean province
46 Crimea-Novorossijsk province

VII. Saharo-Arabian region
47 province
48 Egypt-Arabia province

VIII. Irano-Turanian region
8A. Western Asiatic subregion
49 Mesopotamia province
50 province
51 Armenia-Iran province
52 province
53 Turania or Aralo-Caspia province
54 Turkestan province
55 Northern province
56 province

8B. Central Asiatic subregion
57 Central province
58 -Tien Shan province
59 province
60 province

IX. [[Madrean region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: madrean_re"> <hr class="us2411627114"> <span class="us654509567 us1353177739">IX. [[Madrean region">madrean_re">
IX. [[Madrean region
61 Great Basin province
62 Californian province
63 province
64 Mexican Highlands province

Paleotropical kingdom
X. Guineo-Congolian region
65 Upper Guinean forests province
66 Nigeria-Cameroon province
67 province

XI. Usambara-Zululand region
68 Zanzibar-Inhambane province
69 Tongoland-Pondoland province

XII. Sudano-Zambezian region
12A. Zambezian subregion
70 province

12B. Sahelo–Sudanian subregion
71 province
72 Sudan province

12C. Eritreo–Arabian subregion
73 Somalia-Ethiopia province
74 province
75 province

12C. Omano-Sindian subregion
76 province
77 South Iran province
78 province

XIII. Karoo-Namib region
79 province
80 province
81 province
82 province

XIV. St. Helena and Ascension region
83 and province

XV. Madagascan region
84 Eastern Madagascar province
85 Western Madagascar province
86 Southern and Southwestern Madagascar province
87 province
88 Mascarenes province
89 province

XVI. [[Indian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: indian_re"> <hr class="us2411627114"> <span class="us654509567 us1353177739">XVI. [[Indian region">indian_re">
XVI. [[Indian region
90 Ceylon () province
91 province
92 province
93 Upper Gangetic Plain province
94 province

XVII. Indochinese region
95 South Burma province
96 province
97 province
98 Thailand province
99 North province
100 province
101 South Indochina province

XVIII. [[Malesian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: Malesia">Malesia
18A. Malesian subregion
102 province
103 province
104 Philippines province
105 province
106 Java province

18B. Papuan subregion
107 province
108 and West New Guinea province
109 Papua province
110 Bismarck Archipelago province

XIX. [[Fijian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: fijian_re"> <hr class="us2411627114"> <span class="us654509567 us1353177739">XIX. [[Fijian region">fijian_re">
XIX. [[Fijian region
111 New Hebrides province
112 province

XX. Polynesian region
113 province
114 province

XXI. [[Hawaiian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands
115 province

XXII. [[Neocaledonian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: New Caledonia">New Caledonia
116 province

[[Neotropical kingdom/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: Neotropic">Neotropic
XXIII. Caribbean region
117 Central America province
118 province
119 Galápagos Islands province

XXIV. Region of the Guayana Highlands
120 province

XXV. [[Amazon region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: amazon_re"> <hr class="us2411627114"> <span class="us654509567 us1353177739">XXV. [[Amazon region">amazon_re">
XXV. [[Amazon region
121 province
122 province

XXVI. [[Brazilian region/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: brazilia"> <hr class="us2411627114"> <span class="us654509567 us1353177739">XXVI. [[Brazilian region">brazilia">
XXVI. [[Brazilian region
123 province
124 Central Brazilian Uplands province
125 province
126 province
127 Paraná province

XXVII. Andean region
128 province
129 Central Andes province

South African kingdom
XXVIII. Cape region
130 Cape province

Australian kingdom
XXIX. Northeast Australian region
131 North Australia province
132 province
133 Southeast Australia province
134 province

XXX. Southwest Australian region
135 Southwest Australia province

XXXI. Central Australian or Eremaean region
136 Eremaea province

Antarctic kingdom
XXXII. Fernandezian region
137 Juan Fernández province

XXXIII. Chile-Patagonian region
138 Northern Chile province
139 Central Chile province
140 province
141 province
142 Tierra del Fuego province

XXXIV. Region of the South Subantarctic Islands
143 Tristan- province
144 province

XXXV. Neozeylandic region
145 Lord Howe province
146 province
147 province
148 Northern New Zealand province
149 Central New Zealand province
150 Southern New Zealand province
151 province
152 New Zealand Subantarctic Islands province

Regionalization according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch (2004, 2010)
  • The central European region and the central Russian region are sister regions.
  • The border between them is similar to the limit (January, day-time temperature average: above -2 °C).
  • The border between the central Russian region and the boreal region is similar to the spp. limit (Day-time temperature average: above 10 °C, 4 months per year).
  • The border between the boreal region and the arctic region is similar to the tree line, taiga/arctic tundra limit (July, day-time temperature average: above 10 °C).
  • The border of the Atlantic region is the limit of no frost (average), Gulf Stream influence.
  • The warm islands in the Atlantic Ocean are in the Macaronesia region: isolated populations in a more humid environment.
  • The Mediterranean region is similar to the occurrence of wild and wild Cistus salviifolius ( Olea europea is grown very North in Italy).
  • The border between the submediterranean region and the central European region is similar to the alpine arc (upper Rhone, upper Rhine, lower Danube), a weather barrier.
  • The Pontic region border is similar to the tree line/ steppe limit (less than 450 mm precipitation per year).
  • The Turanian region has a semi-arid climate.

Liu et al. (2023, 2024) Regionalization
Critiquing previous attempts for their lack of phylogenetic relationships in the construction of their regions, Liu et al. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38375-y< /ref>
  • Gondwanan super-realm
1 African
2 Indo-Malesian
3 Australian
4 Novozealandic
5 Neotropical
6 Chile–Patagonian
  • Laurasian super-realm
7 Holarctic
8 Saharo-Arabian

Differences from Takhtajan's floristic kingdoms mainly focus on emphasizing the uniqueness of certain realms that he had as subdivisions within kingdoms. Two examples are separating some kingdoms into two separate realms, as happened to the Paleotropical and Antarctic kingdoms, reasoning that they have been separated form each other for long enough time to constitute a different phylogenetic trajectory. The merging of the Cape floristic kingdom with the African realm was based by the low endemism of higher taxonomic ranks, which could be found outside the cape region in the rest of Africa. The final major change is the separation of the Saharo-Arabian realm from the Holarctic kingdom, though they admit the northern boundary is not clear, with flora from the Holarctic being found within this area.

After publishing their regions, Dr. Hong Qian criticized Liu et al. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47544-6

Bibliography
  • Frodin, D.G. (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World. An annotated, geographically arranged systematic bibliography of the principal floras, enumerations, checklists and chorological atlases of different areas. 2nd ed. (1st edn 1984), pp. xxiv, 1100, .Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [25].

Page 1 of 1
1
Page 1 of 1
1

Account

Social:
Pages:  ..   .. 
Items:  .. 
Click to view the UPC Scavenger App on google play.

Navigation

General: Atom Feed Atom Feed  .. 
Help:  ..   .. 
Category:  ..   .. 
Media:  ..   .. 
Posts:  ..   ..   .. 

Statistics

Page:  .. 
Summary:  .. 
1 Tags
10/10 Page Rank
5 Page Refs
1s Time